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Research suggests that fear about an illness and associated behavioral changes can also spread virally ( Asmundson and Taylor, 2020). For example, past work ( Brand et al., 2013) has linked anxiety about pandemic illnesses to extensive washing and cleaning compulsions, which are hallmark symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a psychiatric disorder that can be disabling when severe ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In addition, some individuals may develop excessive behavioral responses to prevent infection. Excessive anxiety can be debilitating and lead to severe impairment in functioning. However, for some individuals, anxiety in response to a pandemic threat can become excessive and maladaptive ( Asmundson and Taylor, 2020). Importantly, anxiety about one’s health can be helpful and adaptive in moderation, as it can focus attention and promote utilization of health-protective behaviors (e.g., handwashing and maintaining social distance). This work has largely suggested that pandemic illness threats are associated with widespread anxiety and worry among the public. Existing research has investigated factors related to mental health symptoms in response to illness threats such as the H1N1 “Swine Flu” influenza ( Tausczik et al., 2012 Wheaton et al., 2012), Zika virus ( Blakey and Abramowitz, 2017), SARS ( Xie et al., 2011), and Ebola ( Blakey et al., 2015 Thompson et al., 2017). It is critical to study the factors that relate to impaired mental health and emotional symptoms in response to COVID-19 to understand how the public responds to pandemic illness threats.
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Census Bureau found that one-third of Americans are showing signs of clinical anxiety or depression related to COVID-19 ( National Center for Health Statistics, 2020). The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and emotional well-being are likely to be enormous as well. COVID-19 has had a severe impact on healthcare systems, economic activity, and has caused widespread social disruption. The United States recently reached a grim milestone of 200,000 COVID-19-related deaths ( CDC, 2020). COVID-19 was officially declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020 ( World Health Organization, 2020) and has spread rapidly across the globe. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral respiratory infection that was identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Although limited by a cross-sectional design that precludes causal inferences, the present results highlight the need for study of how illness fears may be transmitted socially during a pandemic. However, emotion contagion did moderate the relationship between COVID-19-related media consumption and elevated OCD symptoms.
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Consumption of media about COVID-19 also predicted anxiety about COVID-19, though results were not moderated by emotion contagion. Results revealed that greater susceptibility to emotion contagion was associated with greater concern about the spread of COVID-19, more depression, anxiety, stress, and OCD symptoms. Data were collected in the months of April and May of 2020 when the fear of COVID-19 was widespread. These measures were completed by a large ( n = 603) student sample in the United States. We administered the Emotion Contagion Scale (ESC) along with a measure of anxiety in response to COVID-19 (modified from a previous scale designed to quantify fear of the Swine Flu outbreak) and secondary outcome measures of depression, anxiety, stress, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Therefore, we studied the relationship between emotion contagion and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some individuals are more susceptible to social contagion effects and may be more likely to experience anxiety and other mental health symptoms in response to a pandemic threat. One potential factor in the spread of anxiety in response to a pandemic threat is emotion contagion, the finding that emotional experiences can be socially spread through conscious and unconscious pathways. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic, causing substantial anxiety.